• br Acknowledgments br Introduction Angiotensin II AngII is

  2024-11-25

  

  Acknowledgments Introduction Angiotensin II (AngII) is among the most potent vasoactive substances produced in humans. Its effects are numerous, from vasoconstriction to control of fluid and electrolytes balances. Many of the physiological and pathological effects of AngII are mediated by the

• Other reports however have indicated that all components of

  2024-11-25

  

  Other reports, however, have indicated that all components of RAS are produced within the central nervous system (CNS) (Saavedra, 2005). Thus, AGTR1 and AGTR2 in circumventricular organs and in cerebrovascular endothelial cells may respond to circulating ANG2 of peripheral origin, whereas neural rec

• Treatment of RAW cells with

  2024-11-25

  

  Treatment of RAW264.7 palmitoylethanolamide reviews synthesis with AP(+)-exosomes caused an increase in their phagocytic activity. In the presence of amastatin, phagocytic activity was not completely suppressed, suggesting that at least two components were responsible for the activity; one of which

• br Brain cell reactions Brain cells in common with

  2024-11-25

  

  Brain cell reactions Brain cells in common with all metabolic cells must contain chemically active primary compounds which spontaneously initiate and continue cell reactions under normal conditions of temperature and pressure (NTP). These compounds have been identified as monophosphoric and polyp

• In a working group exposed month old transgenic mice mutatio

  2024-11-25

  

  In 2008, a working group exposed 12-month-old transgenic mice (mutation for human amyloid precursor protein expression) and their non-transgenic littermates to isoflurane and halothane for 120min per day for five days. It was concluded that in the transgenic mouse there was overload of amyloid prote

• HT receptors are distributed throughout

  2024-11-25

  

  5-HT3 receptors are distributed throughout the brain, within the brainstem (e.g., nucleus tractus solitarius, area postrema and spinal trigeminal nucleus) and conotoxin (e.g., hippocampus, amygdala, nucleus accumbens, putamen and caudate) (Abi-Dargham et al., 1993, Barnes et al., 1989, Bufton et al

• Pioneering studies on the immunomodulatory role

  2024-11-25

  

  Pioneering studies on the immunomodulatory role of adenosine date back to the early ‘70 s of last century (Fig. 1), when the critical role of this nucleoside in shaping the development and the activity of several immune cell populations was first established [[18], [19], [20], [21], [22]]. This then

• br Conclusion The HT receptor family

  2024-11-23

  

  Conclusion The 5-HT receptor family is complex, and one may ask as does Bryan Roth et al. [205] whether this is useless available (i.e. too much redundancy) or an embarrassment of the riches (i.e. many potential targets to choose from to affect normal or pathological function); molecular biology

• br Autophagy in hemorrhagic stroke About

  2024-11-23

  

  Autophagy in hemorrhagic stroke About 87% of all strokes cases are ischemic, the rest being hemorrhagic. ICH and SAH are the two major categories of hemorrhagic strokes (Bruder et al., 2014). Both types of stroke are associated with a high mortality and morbidity rate. The corresponding animal mo

• In conclusions MPE effects in causing lesser increase in vag

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  In conclusions, MPE effects in causing lesser increase in vaginal fluid pH could partly restore the vaginal acidity in sex-steroid deficient state. MPE could exert its effect via enhancing both H+ generation as well as H+extrusion into the vaginal lumen. Although gallic energy metabolism is the mai

• Introduction Apoptosis signal regulating kinase ASK a

  2024-11-23

  

  Introduction Apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1), a family member of the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase kinase kinase (MAP3K) family, selectively activates the JNK and p38 MAP kinase pathways in response to various types of stresses, including oxidative stress, and subsequently indu

• Over the years measures of

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  Over the years, measures of total antioxidant status (TAS) have been developed to capture the collective effect of antioxidant defense capacity, including enzymatic and nonenzymatic systems (Fraga et al., 2014, Franco et al., 2007). Multiple antioxidant enzymes, as well as antioxidant vitamins and m

• br Introduction Breast cancer is the second most lethal canc

  2024-11-23

  

  Introduction Breast cancer is the second most lethal cancer among women, accounting for approximately 40,000 deaths in the United States in 2015 [1]. The prognosis of breast cancer has improved significantly with the identification of immunohistochemical subtypes that predict response to therapy

• br Transparency document br Introduction G protein coupled r

  2024-11-22

  

  Transparency document Introduction G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) comprise a diverse family of seven transmembrane domain-containing receptors represented by over 800 genes in humans. GPCRs respond to a range of stimuli, including peptides, hormones, growth factors, lipids, odorants, and

• br Discussion With recently improved understanding of the ro

  2024-11-22

  

  Discussion With recently improved understanding of the role of βARK1 in the progression of HF and as a potential therapeutic target in HF, we explored the relationship between plasma βARK1, as a marker of chronic sympathetic overactivation, and physical symptoms in HF. Our main findings were 1) e

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